Scandium price index

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Scandium price index

This post is a summary of the Scandium developments. The price developments of Scandium are expressed in US$ prices converted FX rates applicable at the time when the price was valid. Scandium price index developments are calculated from multiple separate sources of data to ensure statistical accuracy.

The outlook for Scandium prices, on the second tab, is generated from different inputs including:

• Very recent price developments of immediate cost drivers of Scandium prices
• Recent price developments of underlying feedstocks which drive the price of Scandium
• Market futures for both cost drives and feedstocks of Scandium prices
• Adjustment of current supply/demand imbalances in the Scandium market
• Longer term trends in likely demand conditions

Further information on the Scandium price index

What is Scandium

Scandium is a chemical element with the symbol Sc and atomic number 21. It is a silvery-white metallic transition metal, and it is classified as a rare earth element. Scandium has several key properties:

Atomic Structure

Scandium has an atomic number of 21, meaning it has 21 protons in its nucleus. It belongs to group 3 and period 4 of the periodic table.

Physical Properties

Scandium is a relatively soft metal with a density similar to aluminum. It has a silvery-white appearance and is relatively lightweight. Scandium’s melting point is around 1541 degrees Celsius, and its boiling point is approximately 2836 degrees Celsius.

Chemical Properties

Scandium is relatively reactive and readily forms compounds with other elements. It can form various oxidation states, including +3, which is the most common oxidation state observed in scandium compounds.

Electrical Conductivity

Scandium exhibits good electrical conductivity, making it suitable for use in electrical applications. It is sometimes used as an alloying element in aluminum to improve its conductivity and mechanical properties.

Alloying Agent

One of the primary uses of scandium is as an alloying agent in the production of lightweight and high-strength alloys. Scandium-aluminum alloys, for example, are used in aerospace applications, where their combination of strength and low density is highly advantageous.

Catalyst

Scandium compounds can serve as catalysts in various chemical reactions. They are used in organic synthesis and industrial processes to facilitate reactions and improve reaction rates.

Optical Properties

Scandium has interesting optical properties and is used in certain specialized applications. Scandium iodide, for example, is used in high-intensity discharge lamps to produce a bright white light.

Nuclear Applications

Scandium isotopes have been used in nuclear research and medical imaging applications. Scandium-46, for instance, is used as a radioactive tracer in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.

Health Effects

Scandium is generally considered to be of low toxicity. However, as with any metal, exposure to high concentrations of scandium compounds can pose health risks, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling or working with scandium-containing materials.

Overall, scandium possesses a unique combination of properties that make it valuable in various industrial, technological, and scientific applications, particularly in the aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare sectors.

How is Scandium produced

Scandium is primarily produced as a byproduct of other mining and extraction processes, as it is not typically found in concentrated deposits. The primary sources of scandium are as follows:

Rare Earth Mining

Scandium is often found in association with rare earth elements (REEs) such as yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium. It is commonly extracted as a byproduct during the mining and processing of rare earth ores, such as bastnasite, monazite, and xenotime.

Titanium and Aluminum Production

Scandium can also be extracted from certain ores and mineral deposits that contain titanium and aluminum. For example, some deposits of bauxite (the primary ore of aluminum) and ilmenite (a source of titanium) may contain trace amounts of scandium.

Residue Recovery

Another source of scandium is from the byproducts and residues of other industrial processes, such as uranium refining, phosphate mining, and oil shale processing. Scandium may be present in these residues in trace amounts and can be recovered through various extraction methods.

Once scandium-containing materials are obtained, scandium extraction typically involves the following steps:

Leaching

The scandium-containing ores or residues are crushed and ground into fine particles. The crushed material is then subjected to a chemical leaching process, where it is mixed with acidic or alkaline solutions to dissolve the scandium compounds.

Separation

The leach solution containing scandium ions is then subjected to a series of separation techniques to isolate the scandium from other elements and impurities present in the solution. This may involve solvent extraction, ion exchange, or precipitation methods.

Purification

The isolated scandium compounds are further purified to remove any remaining impurities and contaminants. This may involve additional chemical treatments, filtration, or precipitation steps to refine the scandium product.

Conversion

The purified scandium compounds are then converted into the desired form, typically scandium oxide (Sc2O3), which is the most common commercial form of scandium. This may involve calcination or other thermal treatments to convert the scandium compounds into oxide form.

Final Processing

The scandium oxide or other scandium compounds may undergo further processing steps, such as grinding, milling, or pelletizing, to achieve the desired particle size, morphology, and purity. The final scandium product is then packaged and shipped for commercial use.

Overall, scandium production involves a combination of mining, extraction, separation, purification, and processing steps to obtain the desired scandium products for various industrial and technological applications. Due to its relatively low abundance and dispersed distribution, scandium production is limited, and efforts are ongoing to develop more efficient extraction methods and new sources of scandium.

What is Scandium used for

Scandium has several unique properties that make it useful in various industrial and technological applications. Some common uses of scandium include:

Aluminum Alloys

Scandium is commonly used as an alloying element in aluminum to create high-strength, lightweight alloys. Scandium-aluminum alloys, such as Sc-Al alloys, exhibit improved mechanical properties, including increased strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. These alloys are used in aerospace components, sports equipment (e.g., baseball bats, bicycle frames), and high-performance automotive parts.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)

Scandium-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) is used as an electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). ScSZ-based electrolytes demonstrate high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures, improving the efficiency and performance of SOFCs for clean energy generation.

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used as a dopant in metal halide lamps, particularly high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps used for lighting in stadiums, arenas, and large indoor spaces. Scandium iodide enhances the color rendering properties of the lamp, producing a bright white light with good color fidelity.

Aerospace Applications

Scandium-aluminum alloys are used in aerospace and aviation applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to corrosion and fatigue. Components made from scandium-aluminum alloys are utilized in aircraft structures, engine components, and rocket propulsion systems.

Sporting Goods

Scandium-aluminum alloys are used in the production of lightweight, high-performance sporting goods, such as bicycle frames, golf club shafts, and lacrosse sticks. These alloys provide strength and durability while reducing overall weight, enhancing performance for athletes.

Catalysts

Scandium compounds, such as scandium triflate (Sc(OTf)3), are used as catalysts in organic synthesis and industrial chemical processes. Scandium-based catalysts exhibit high activity and selectivity, facilitating various reactions, including carbon-carbon bond formation, hydrogenation, and polymerization.

Nuclear Applications

Scandium isotopes, such as scandium-46, are used in nuclear research and medical imaging applications. Scandium-46 is a positron-emitting radioisotope used as a radioactive tracer in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for medical diagnostics.

Electronics

Scandium-based materials are used in electronic components, such as capacitors, resistors, and semiconductors. Scandium-doped gallium nitride (GaN) is investigated for its potential applications in high-power electronic devices, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and microwave amplifiers.

Overall, scandium’s unique combination of properties, including its lightweight, high strength, and resistance to corrosion, makes it valuable in a range of applications across industries such as aerospace, energy, lighting, electronics, and sports.

How big is the global Scandium market

The main rare earth elements ranked in decreasing order of market size are:

Neodymium (Nd): Neodymium is often ranked as one of the most valuable rare earth elements due to its crucial role in the production of high-strength permanent magnets used in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicle motors and wind turbines.

Cerium (Ce): Cerium is among the most abundant rare earth elements and is used in various industrial applications, such as catalysts, glass polishing, and metallurgy.

Lanthanum (La): Lanthanum is used in catalysts, ceramics, optics, and as a component in certain types of batteries and fuel cells.

Dysprosium (Dy): Dysprosium is used to improve the high-temperature performance of neodymium-iron-boron magnets. It is essential for the growth of the clean energy and electric vehicle markets.

Praseodymium (Pr): Praseodymium is used in combination with neodymium to produce high-strength magnets. It is vital in the manufacture of electric vehicle motors and wind turbines.

Europium (Eu): Europium is primarily used in phosphors for color television tubes, LED lighting, and other display technologies.

Terbium (Tb): Terbium is used in phosphors for color television tubes, fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for green phosphors.

Yttrium (Y): Yttrium is not a lanthanide, but it is often grouped with rare earth elements. It is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, superconductors, and phosphors.

It’s important to note that market rankings may change over time as new technologies and applications emerge and as supply and demand conditions evolve. The demand for rare earth elements is influenced by various industries, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and more. For the most current market information and rankings, it’s advisable to consult industry reports and market analysis from reputable sources