Yttrium oxide price April 2024 and outlook (see chart below)
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Yttrium oxide price index
This post is a summary of the Yttrium oxide developments. The price developments of Yttrium oxide are expressed in US$ prices converted FX rates applicable at the time when the price was valid. Yttrium oxide price index developments are calculated from multiple separate sources of data to ensure statistical accuracy.
The outlook for Yttrium oxide prices, on the second tab, is generated from different inputs including:
- Very recent price developments of immediate cost drivers of Yttrium oxide prices
- Recent price developments of underlying feedstocks which drive the price of Yttrium oxide
- Market futures for both cost drives and feedstocks of Yttrium oxide prices
- Adjustment of current supply/demand imbalances in the Yttrium oxide market
- Longer term trends in likely demand conditions
Further information on the Yttrium oxide price index
What is Yttrium oxide
Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria or yttrium(III) oxide, is a chemical compound with the formula Y2O3. It is composed of yttrium (Y) and oxygen (O) atoms and belongs to the group of rare earth oxides. Yttrium oxide is a white, odorless solid at room temperature and is insoluble in water.
Properties of Yttrium Oxide
High Melting Point
Yttrium oxide has a relatively high melting point of approximately 2410°C (4370°F), making it suitable for high-temperature applications.
Thermal Stability
Yttrium oxide exhibits excellent thermal stability, retaining its structural integrity at high temperatures. This property makes it useful as a refractory material and in thermal barrier coatings.
Electrical Insulator
Yttrium oxide is an electrical insulator, meaning it does not conduct electricity. This property makes it suitable for use in electronic components where electrical insulation is required.
Dielectric Properties
Yttrium oxide has high dielectric constant and low electrical conductivity, making it suitable for use as a dielectric material in capacitors and other electronic devices.
Optical Properties: Yttrium oxide is transparent in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is used as a component in certain optical glasses, ceramics, and coatings.
Catalytic Properties
Yttrium oxide can act as a catalyst or catalyst support in various chemical reactions. It is used in catalytic processes for organic synthesis, petrochemical refining, and environmental remediation.
Ceramic Applications
Yttrium oxide is used as a component in ceramic materials, particularly in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics. YSZ ceramics exhibit high strength, toughness, and thermal stability, making them suitable for applications such as dental crowns, thermal barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).
Phosphors
Yttrium oxide is used as a host material for phosphors in fluorescent lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Yttrium-based phosphors emit light when excited by an external energy source and are used to produce different colors of light in display and lighting applications.
Overall, yttrium oxide’s unique combination of properties makes it valuable in various industrial, technological, and scientific applications, particularly in materials science, electronics, lighting, and catalysis.
How is Yttrium oxide produced
Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) is primarily produced through a process involving the extraction and purification of yttrium-containing ores. Here’s an overview of the production process and common uses of yttrium oxide:
Production of Yttrium Oxide
Mining: Yttrium is typically found in rare earth minerals such as xenotime, monazite, and bastnäsite. These minerals are mined using conventional mining techniques, such as open-pit or underground mining.
Ore Processing
Once the yttrium-containing ores are extracted from the ground, they undergo processing to extract yttrium and other rare earth elements. Processing methods may include crushing, grinding, magnetic separation, and flotation to concentrate the yttrium-bearing minerals.
Chemical Extraction
After beneficiation, the yttrium-bearing minerals are subjected to chemical extraction processes to separate yttrium from other rare earth elements and impurities. This typically involves leaching the ores with acids such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, followed by solvent extraction or precipitation to isolate yttrium compounds.
Refining
The yttrium compounds obtained from chemical extraction may undergo further refining processes to remove any remaining impurities and achieve the desired purity level. Refining methods may include recrystallization, vacuum distillation, or zone refining.
Calcination
The purified yttrium compound is then calcined, or heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen, to convert it into yttrium oxide (Y2O3). Calcination drives off any remaining impurities and volatile components, leaving behind pure yttrium oxide.
Final Product
The final product of the yttrium oxide production process is typically yttrium oxide powder or granules, which can be further processed into various yttrium-containing materials or used directly in applications such as ceramics, phosphors, and catalysts.
What are the uses of Yttrium Oxide:
Ceramics
Yttrium oxide is used as a component in ceramic materials, particularly in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics. YSZ ceramics exhibit high strength, toughness, and thermal stability, making them suitable for applications such as dental crowns, thermal barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).
Phosphors
Yttrium oxide is used as a host material for phosphors in fluorescent lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Yttrium-based phosphors emit light when excited by an external energy source and are used to produce different colors of light in display and lighting applications.
Catalysis
Yttrium oxide can act as a catalyst or catalyst support in various chemical reactions. It is used in catalytic processes for organic synthesis, petrochemical refining, and environmental remediation, where its high surface area and reactivity contribute to improved reaction rates and selectivity.
Electronics
Yttrium oxide is used as a dielectric material in electronic components such as capacitors and thin-film transistors. It offers high dielectric constant and low electrical conductivity, making it suitable for insulating layers in integrated circuits, memory devices, and flat-panel displays.
Thermal Barrier Coatings
Due to its high melting point and thermal stability, yttrium oxide is used as a component in thermal barrier coatings for protecting metallic components in high-temperature environments. These coatings are used in aerospace components, gas turbines, industrial furnaces, and automotive engines to improve heat resistance and thermal insulation.
Overall, yttrium oxide’s unique combination of properties makes it valuable in various industrial, technological, and scientific applications, particularly in materials science, electronics, lighting, and catalysis.
How big is the global Yttrium oxide market
The main rare earth elements ranked in decreasing order of market size are:
Neodymium (Nd): Neodymium is often ranked as one of the most valuable rare earth elements due to its crucial role in the production of high-strength permanent magnets used in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicle motors and wind turbines.
Cerium (Ce): Cerium is among the most abundant rare earth elements and is used in various industrial applications, such as catalysts, glass polishing, and metallurgy.
Lanthanum (La): Lanthanum is used in catalysts, ceramics, optics, and as a component in certain types of batteries and fuel cells.
Dysprosium (Dy): Dysprosium is used to improve the high-temperature performance of neodymium-iron-boron magnets. It is essential for the growth of the clean energy and electric vehicle markets.
Praseodymium (Pr): Praseodymium is used in combination with neodymium to produce high-strength magnets. It is vital in the manufacture of electric vehicle motors and wind turbines.
Europium (Eu): Europium is primarily used in phosphors for color television tubes, LED lighting, and other display technologies.
Terbium (Tb): Terbium is used in phosphors for color television tubes, fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for green phosphors.
Yttrium (Y): Yttrium is not a lanthanide, but it is often grouped with rare earth elements. It is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, superconductors, and phosphors.
It’s important to note that market rankings may change over time as new technologies and applications emerge and as supply and demand conditions evolve. The demand for rare earth elements is influenced by various industries, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and more. For the most current market information and rankings, it’s advisable to consult industry reports and market analysis from reputable sources
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